SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41

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SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a differential monocyte activation that may contribute to age bias in COVID-19 severity

Recombinant human plasma gelsolin reverses increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier induced by the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Journal of Neuroinflammation

Severe pediatric COVID-19: a review from the clinical and immunopathophysiological perspectives

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces the cytokine release syndrome by stimulating T cells to produce more IL-2

Innate immunity: the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2. - Abstract - Europe PMC

CD36 mediates SARS-CoV-2-envelope-protein-induced platelet activation and thrombosis

SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is not pro-inflammatory in human primary macrophages: endotoxin contamination and lack of protein glycosylation as possible confounders

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway. - Abstract - Europe PMC